History’s Long Tail: The Origins of World War I.
Bismarck The recent excellent histories on the factors leading up to World War One don’t go back far enough. The heart of the Treaty of Vienna at the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) was the “Holy Alliance,” an agreement of the monarchs of Russia, Prussia (later Germany) and Austria (later Austria-Hungary) to stamp out any return to revolutionary ideals of the French Revolution. The three monarchies cooperated until the Crimean War. The Crimean War (1853-56) was triggered by Russian attempts to expand its influence around the Black Sea, force the Ottoman Empire to allow Russian warships through the Dardanelles and increase influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire (later Turkey) retreated. To keep Russia bottled up in the Black Sea and out of the Mediterranean, England and France came into the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire. Prussia remained neutral. Austria-Hungary also remained neutral but Russia expected Austrian support. After the war, Russian